The Muscatine Journal from Muscatine, Iowa • 16

fx-! ml 6 MUSCATINE JOURNAL AND NEWS-TRIBUNE, AIR TOUR SECTION A TV 1 ptealr Airway Beacci man JVjUCATNEiOIV AIRMAIL MAI OF U. S. Lincihergh Savs Air Flichts Are STRONG LIGHTS MUST BE USED Becoming be a( milsquare. with a special creW runway, repair ahopsi and a passenger terminal. He stressed particularly the necessity of hard surfaces at lauding fields, being reminded of his own Experience of being stutH In the mud at BoUto fieia in Washington.

Me believed alsd that the helicopter the thing for the distant future, there being ino present way develop one economically, if Requirements of Beacons Given By Bureau of Standards Official. Each rtouo of 50 persons- an audience congregation give off heat equivalent to that of an aver-age-tsixe sieara radiator, The perils of the air are becoming a tfeing of the past said Colonel lAnd bergh before a congressional commit, teew Safe, air transportation betwjeen this country and South America -ill become a reality in a yea? or1 itjwo, he declared, with plane flying directly between Washington or New Tjsrk to Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires. Planes will soon be able toj, land without seeing the ground, by the aid of intersecting radio beacons and the use of some sonic altimeters. Other devices, he believes, will oter come the difficulties of smoke! or 6P (By F. C.

BRECKEMUDGE) (Scientist, Bureau of Standard, rom Aero Digest) The i ever-growing popularity of the Air mtail Is arousing a considerable Interest in airway beacons. The air-Diane saves time. But. if time is to HATS i 1 FOR TUESDAY fog. He advocates the building; of an airport in Washington that should be saved, the hour of darkness must! not be lost.

It has therefore, been apparent from the early days of the air linail that flying is in-: Goorjp 4 i V. operation of this device whlchsj it Heeler 4. seems, will be invaluable for aviators trying to locate their position and make a landing. Used in the operation is said to be the most sensitive jjJcst dispensable to its success, and night flying; means lighted beacons to mark the airways. Most of the beacons thus far established; have been erected by the airways division of the bureau of lighthouses as a part of the comprehensive program of the department of commerce for the advancement of civil aeronautics.

An increasing number of beacons, however, are being established by private interests. tube ever developed, the Knowles, i ii "(A at 18 i grid-glow which Js affected by the i 1 1 energy calculated to be that of a fly climbing up a wall one inch. When the apparatus is set to the frequency of the plane siren it operates only y- Gtaey Ilucas when fhat particular note is sound Business organizations and the owners of prominent buildings desiring ed. The tube energy is ainplilfied 1B8 W. 12nd 5t.

Buff iclehtly to provide the poiwer rn necessary to put on tbe floodliglitt. isi'itai itV til SHOE SPECIALS a- it 1 il J-C Mail and Express Lines Transcontinental Air Mail Lines Proposed Airways U. S. Army Model Aineays All novelty patterns will be put on SPECIAL SALE at greatly reducer! main beam1 hy the dust particles in the air so that the beam appears to be rotating below him like a huge pointer pivoted at its tip. When visibility is poor, however, tven the most powerful beacons cannot penetrate many miles, and if the eam does not have a wide vertical Spread, an iairplane at a usual altitude is above the direct beam before It is within! the visible range.

The tray light under such conditions may pot be visible more than a quarter of a mile, and even should the pilot pass so nearly oyer a beacon, he is likely to be above! the visible spread of the stray light before he is close enough to see it. Since the scattered light lessen materially the pilot's chances of picking up the beacon at 'a distance. The experience of the lighthouse service has shown that three-tenths of a second is the minimum practical flash length for marine beacons. Elven this is considered undesirable, and relatively few beacons are given Cash length of less than five-tenths of a second. Because of the great demands upon the attention of airplane pilots, a long flash Is even more desirable In an aerdnaut? ical beacon than in a marine beacon.

The flash length of a rotating beacon may be Increased by increasing the horizontal beam spread. If this is done and, at the' same time th candlepower values are not decreas Tellow lights mark Intermediate landing fields, and are recommended for airports. The latest airway beacons are equipped with special lenses which direct some of the light upward as high as 25 degrees, and also a set of lenses on the roof of the beacon case which send our auxiliary fan-shaped beams at right angles to the main beams. These fans of light cover vertical angles from the horizon almost to the zenith, and while they are much less powerful than the main beam: they have a higher intensity than the stray light When the weather is good, an Experienced pilot does ot need beacohs The lighted cities are most excellent I have heard of a pilot Hying over, the transcontinental air prices I Very smart stylet that sold sat S7.80. S4.80 sale Frtce formerly priced S6.00.

Pumps, ties, Sale Price vt; a. If we have your size you hare a retd bargaini under these; conditions cannot be seen Step' and see ed, the luminous flux must he in 9 fast It Ic TouU! be arprtaed! creased, which generally means the it T. to promote aviation have erected more than forty beacons during the past (two years, while all the more important airports are being equipped Wilb beacons in response to a demaffid for night-flying equipment. The: announcements describing the establishment of private beacons quite generally lay great stress upon the candlepower, but the scanty reference usually given to some of the other characteristics of the beacons suggests that it is not generally understood that there are several other qualities that are essential to a successful beacon. However, even though the importance of candle-power is usually appreciated, it is doubtful If its true meaning is as generally understood.

What Candlepower Is. Candlepower Is not a measure of the quantity of light given by a luminous source. It is rather a measure, of the concentration of light in a particular direction. The true measure of the rate at which light is given out by a source is luminous flux, and the unit is the lumen. With ordinary sources of light such as candles, oil lamps, gas mantles, and Incandescent lamps, the light, goes out ini all directions somewhat uniformly and the total lumens given out by' any of them are roughly proportional to their candlepowers as usually measured.

In such cases the candlepower does give some idea of the light produced by the lamp. The case of a beacon is altogether different. After light has passed through a lens or has been concentrated by a reflector, the candle-power jn different directions will vary all thei way from zero to the maximum candlepower of the beacon which may amount to millions of candles. It Is this maximum candle-power that is customarily quoted, and Its value gives no Indication at all of the total lumens In the beam. Must lie Strong.

It la important that a beacon have a high maximum candlepower, for otherwise the light will be quickly absorbed and scattered by hare so that it; cannot be seen at any great There are, however, at least Ave other characteristics that should receive attention along with the candle-power In selecting beacons; namely, flash length, flash Interval, vertical spread, color and an identifying characteristic. The i flash length of a rotating beacon depends upon the horizontal beam spread and speed of rotation. If the flash length is excessively short, ithe effect upon the eye is exactly the same as a reduction in candlepower. Even if the flash length is not so short as, to amount to such a reduction in the observed candle-power, It may still be so short 4s to use of more cower in the lamb. An even a portion1 of the direct beam is way toward New York who was abla to see the lights of Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and New York city all jat the same Omej It its important selecting an airway beacon to re and farther from its source.

This confusion of lights is particularly likely to be a serious one near cities and in thickly settled regions. It is overcome by uBing colored lights for air-waf beacons. A flashing colored light is uncommon, and if the pilot knows the light he seeks has a distinct color he is able to pass over nearly all false lights without hesitation. It is desirable, however, that colored glass intended for use in beacons bt carefully selected. A poor glass will either give too little color to the beam or absorb an unnecessary large part of the luminous flux.

Inasmuch as the airways division has adopted a definite code for beacons, it is, desirable that colored beacons conform to this code and especially desirable to avoid intermediate colors which might be interpreted by the pilot as either of two colors. Distinctive characteristics are very Important in airway beacons in order that pilots may have no doubt of the identity of the beacon. If the pilot is sure of his position, he does not need a beacon. If he is lost, he not only wants to find some beacon, but he must know what beacon it is. The airways division has brought out the course light as an answer to these difficulties.

These lights flash code numbers, based on the airway mileage, which give each beacon a distinctive characteristic. The series of flashes required for the code number is long enough to enable a pilot to pick up the flashes readily. The time lequired for flashing: the code i 'irabcr (five seconds! shortens so much the time between signals Fled course lights 'are used where no lighted landing field is available. rr FISCHER SH0 member that i Is a bad weather IIJ EAST SECOND guide-post, i other method of increasing the flash length of i rotating beajcoii. Is to slow down: the speed of rotation.

This course, results in increasing thf interval between flashes which -Is also objectionable. Th airway beacons of the department of commerce rotate six tlmea per minute, giving an interval i between flashes of 10! seconds. This Is thought by many to be undesirably long, but Airplane Lights Lighted By Pilot I': i .171 .1 1 1 i 1 t. 1 1 1 a i lh (, the introduction of the course light 2,000 Feet in Air The scream of a wind-driven siren controlled by a pilot 2,00 feet in the air was picked up by an "electric ear" on the hanger of the Newaj-k, sent upward at an angle of perharo 15 it may be powerful enough to reach the airplane, notwithstanding the haze, for in th'a case the airplane does hot pass above the beam uhtil well! within two miles of beacOn, and under most weather conditions the light, of the main beam can be' seen at that range. It is important to observe, however, that any increase in vertical spread requires an increase in the luminous l'v unless there is to be a decrease in the candlepower in other parts of the beam.

Many! Keseirto'le Beacons-, A person who has never flown at night generally has no idea of the very large humber of flashing lights which resetnble flashes of beacons. iAiitomobilei passing over the brows of hillp or around curves, advertisine Signs so fat away as to appear like flashing of light and street lights suddenly flashing out between obstructions aire the most frequent sources of confusion. Having seen onJ flash of such a false light, a pilot must watcli for a next one. and if it does not occur in ten seconds he may think he has overlooked it and watch far another! ten seconds, during this time the pilot's attention is diverted New Jersey. Airport and put on three batteries of Westlnghouse flood-lights providing 24,000,000 candle power, At 220 Mulberry Ave This was the method used to inaugurate the: opening of the Newark i as an accompanying auxiliary has been an rmprovement In this respect; Speeds Vertically.

The vertical spread of the light from an 41rway beacon lis important, because the, beacon is generally seep from an angle well above the horizon. This is particuarly trye In haajy weather. In good weather a pilt flying towards a powerful beacGn may pick up Its beam 20 30 or mope miles away. At distance of abqt five miles, depending upon the altitude of the plane, the pilot passes above the main When the atmosphere is clear, however, the stray light (light i coming directly from the beacon but with a lower intensity than that in the main beam is sti 111 sufficient to guide the aviator to within about a mile of the beacon. Beyond that point no direct light reaches the pilot, but1 he is able to see the light scattered; from the airport.

This was the first practical II. For Battery Service Tire Service SPECIALS from the search, for the real beacon and the plane may be getting farther for i' i. W.e have installed the 1 latest of General Electric recharging equipment, the most modern battery equipment, in the! city. Now even more than In the past we are able to Toe day ut XT A (MILEAGE i PEfi DOLLAR' -I AD.Q- TTBflE SI 95 Oshkosh Overalls S1.65 M1ECDUR listen to "Tfie Voice of Fire- stone" Every Monday at to 6:30. (Can't This Reputation has been known Jto car own-ers sine 1902 and to-day the are pripvmg to thousands of people that tiiqe deperid ability is not sj" mattei, of expense btit of selection.

That tH5e wGooc Old G. li Mm give you better battery; i 1 rv! -I' i' W' I service for less money. 'i'll 1" i- 1 We recharge all types of auto and radio' batteries for 50c. 1 Service batteries for all cars or radio. li Om at ttra stsaJs fnt evsry SU eial taat sWwum, safety, sad speed -all tWy teswwlii cewWlnnrtdee 2.25 Oshkosh Khaki Pants Oshkosh Gray Work Pants S1.95 SI .00 Blue Work Sliirt 75c S3.00 Oshkosh jMoleskin Pants S2.25 i i I j.

i This is just a get acquainted sale of Specials to get more men to i know the value of Phone 94 for service. J' is tfre well vi i'l- named. I 4. IA 6 Volt, 13 Plate Storagie Batteries 15.95 Ekchange I uiv.jvic nit, iituiii a uui 4.7. cacn 30x312 Cord Tires.

AjreaLbuy .53.133 We have a complete stock of Dlco ani Grant i (OSHKOSH Work Clothes aiorage iiawenes ac pnQs. i i 1 SI STOP IN HERE ON TUESDAY If You Have Tire Trouble of jny Kind See Our Good Used Cars EEIBIBllMllfil 1. 1.1.1 vk iw. I Duplex Tire Radiator Shop '''r- i and 'l I Muscatine Used Car Market IV'ir uvu CLOTAJUNG CO. 220 MuibenyAve.

Formerly Muscatine Autoj Wrecking 'Co. Phone 94 Open60A.M'Untim0P.L. 503 at 2nd and 515 East 2nd Fnorie 914-J or 134D-W 'J if 7E.